Ransomware is a type of malicious software that encrypts a victim's files or locks them out of their system until a ransom is paid to the attacker. Ransomware attacks have become increasingly sophisticated and are one of the most significant cybersecurity threats facing organizations today, targeting everything from individual users to large enterprises and critical infrastructure.
Core Characteristics
- Encryption: Files are encrypted using strong encryption algorithms
- Extortion: Attackers demand payment in exchange for decryption keys
- Distribution: Spread through email attachments, malicious websites, or network vulnerabilities
- Impact: Can completely disable systems and prevent access to critical data
- Variants: Includes crypto-ransomware, locker-ransomware, and doxware
- Payment: Usually demanded in cryptocurrency for anonymity
Key Features
- Encryption Algorithms: Use of strong encryption that is difficult to break
- Persistence: May remain dormant before activation
- Lateral Movement: Can spread across networked systems
- Data Exfiltration: Some variants steal data before encryption
- Double Extortion: Threatening to release stolen data if ransom is not paid
- Ransom Notes: Messages informing victims of the attack and payment instructions
Impact
- Financial Loss: Direct ransom payments and operational costs
- Operational Disruption: Business operations may be completely halted
- Data Loss: Potential permanent loss of critical data
- Reputation Damage: Loss of customer trust and brand damage
- Regulatory Consequences: Potential compliance violations
- Recovery Costs: Expenses related to system restoration
Common Use Cases
- Healthcare systems attacks
- Government infrastructure
- Educational institutions
- Financial services
- Manufacturing companies
- Critical infrastructure
- Small and medium businesses